| Eastern
Subterranean Termites |
| A severe economic timber pest of the eastern states
of USA |
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Area of Distribution: The Eastern subterranean termite is the most common
and widely distributed termite in the USA, commonly found from southern
Ontario, in all eastern states of the USA including Texas.
Identification of Swarmers and Soldiers: Swarming generally occurs during
the spring but occasionally a few smaller swarms may occur during the summer.
Swarming most often occurs during the morning following a warm rain shower
whereby the soil temperature is around 70°F.
CONTENTS: learn about this destructive species of termite - tips on identification
of the timber damage caused - find out when these termites swarm in your
local area and how to identify the swarmers, workers and soldiers - learn
of their fascinating biology, life-cycle and behavioural aspects - and receive
professional tips on how best protect your home from the world's best timber
recycler .... subterranean termites. |
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| Identification of Timber Damage |
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Eastern
subterranean termites are highly destructive to douglas fir and other common
building timbers. They can rapidly eat out the internal sections of structural
timbers - devouring mainly the spring wood, and preferring to leave the
harder summer wood sections.
As a
result, infested timbers are often left as a thin shell with a honey-comb
of layered hollow sections (as illustrated) packed with moist soil. These
termites love a moist dark damp environment - it is essential for their
survival - discussed in detail under Biology of Subterranean Termites -
later on. |
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| Destructive nature of Eastern subterranean termites |
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| The
Eastern subterranean termite is a serious economic timber pest causing millions
of dollars of damage throughout the areas where it is located. It is estimated
that more than 1 in 5 homes in the high activity areas, been or will be
attacked at sometime by these voracious little insects. |
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| The life-cycle of subterranean
termites |
| Biology of eastern subterranean termites |
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Within a termite nest there are members of different castes, each with a
different role to perform and all interdependent upon each other for survival
of the colony. These include the queen, king, the winged reproductive (young
kings and queens), soldier and worker termites.
The king, queen and worker termites. |
Worker termites - thin external skin. |
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The queen termite is an egg laying machine; her body is enormous
compared to her off-spring; she can live more than 25 years and produce
more that 2,000 eggs a day. |
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The king and queen live in a central chamber and are tended by
the workers. |
The workers
are by far the largest caste in the eastern subterranean termite
colony and
the one that does the damage; they are a creamy translucent colour,
soft bodied and carry out all work in the nest, including gathering
food (timber and other cellulose); constructing tunnels; repairing
and enlarging the colony nest; grooming each other and feeding the
soldiers, the king, queen and also caring for the young nymphs until
mature.
Identification: Eastern subterranean worker termites are small in size, about half
the size of match-head or 1/8" long and are soft bodied insects.
They have no wings, are sterile, blind and work 24 hours a day
for their entire 2 year life span. |
The soldiers
are the defenders of the colony, particularly against marauding ants - with whom they have
engaged in a relentless war lasting 250 million years.
Identification:
the soldiers have an orange coloured rectangular armoured head with
mandibulate pinchers which they use to crush the ants. On their
forehead is a fontanelle (frontal gland pore) used to emit a sticky
latex to ensnare the ants. Its mandibles are curved at about 70~90
degrees.
The body of the Eastern subterranean termite is flat and almost as
wide as the head, with the width of approx 1/32”.
The soldier termite is usually the first to be seen in large numbers
when any active termite workings (mud shelter tubes or damaged timber)
are opened. Soldier termites will rush out to guard the opening whilst
worker termites repair the breach. |
The
swarmers (reproductives) are called "alates"
and are commonly seen when they swarm during daylight; they have eyes; are poor fliers but are swept along by
the wind; they land, drop their wings, find a mate to become king
and queen of a new termite colony.
Identification: The eastern subteranean termite swarmers are about 3/8" long
(including wings) with a dark brown body and a small fontanelle
(frontal gland pore) on its head. Their wings are brownish grey
with two dark solid veins along the forefront of the front wings.
The front wing is distinctly larger than hind wing.
When do they swarm? In the northern part of their
range, swarming takes place in the spring, but without rain. In the
southern areas, swarming usually follows rain. The swarmers are emitted
in their thousands when a mature termite nest is large and well established.
Eastern subterranean termites swarm in large numbers over a wide area
to find a mate from another colony nest to start up a new colony.
A suitable location for nesting should provide moisture and a readily
available timber food source close by.
Colony nest development is slow in the first few months, with the
egg-laying capacity of the new queen termite peaking after a few years,
producing up to 10,000 offspring a year. The queen may live for many
years and workers up to two years. The swarmers are emitted in their
thousands when a mature termite nest is large and well established.
Swarmers are usually produced after this period and are an indication
a large termite nest is in the vicinity, a sure danger sign and a
warning that professional protection is required.
Several
years are required before the termite colony reaches the typically
mature size. In some locations an Eastern subterranean termite colony
can contain several million termites foraging over a wide area (up
to 12,000 square feet) and actively feeding on trees and freestanding
poles as well as buildings and other timber structures.
The
colony nests of Eastern subterranean termites are usually located
in the ground below the frost line, but above the water table. Mud
galleries or "shelter tubes" are constructed across hard
objects in order to gain access to timber food sources.
Eastern
subterranean termites constantly search for new food sources. They
are known to enter buildings through cracks in concrete flooring or
to travel under parquetry or tile flooring through gaps of less than
1/16" wide.
Where
moisture regularly collects inside the wall or other cavities of a
building, say from faulty plumbing or broken roof tiles, the Eastern
subterranean termite can develop a subsidiary colony nest which may
not require contact with the ground to ensure it's survival. |
They build a central colony nest from
which they construct underground tunnels that radiate within a 100 yard
radius from a central colony nest in search of a timber (cellulose) food
source.
The picture on the left shows a termite inspector examining
an above ground termite subsidiary nest built inside a wall
cavity of a home.
Termites often build such nests if moisture is allowed to regularly
collects inside the wall cavity, say from leaking pipes, shower
recess, faulty plumbing, guttering, broken roof tiles, etc.
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Termites travel in humidified mud-shelter tubes or galleries...
The picture on the left shows a mud shelter tube that subterranean
termites have constructed over a solid object, in this case,
a brick foundation wall in the sub-floor of a cottage.
Subterranean termites travel in these mud shelter tubes as protection
from predators, sun-burn, dehydration and to maintain a high
humidity environment which is essential for their survival.
Eastern subterranean termites are highly secretive, preferring
to enter a building through areas inaccessible to inspection,
such as, through in-fill patios, fire heaths, expansion joints
and cracks in concrete slab (on-ground) flooring.
Eastern subterranean termites can pass through a 1/8" crack
or an expansion joint (eating through the rubber compound) between
adjoining concrete on ground flooring. They can also travel
under parquetry and floor tiles to get to the wall framing timbers. |
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| Eastern subterranean termites symbiotic digestive
system |
Only the worker termite caste can digest timber by the use of symbiotic
protozoa in their gut. Worker termites feed their partly digested
semi-liquid food, regurgitated from their mouth or passing from their
anus, to the other termites, a process known as trophallaxis.
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Eastern subterranean termites have a well ordered social system
with amazing engineering capabilities and an acute survival
instinct; they obtain moisture from the soil and moist decaying
timber, and communicate using pheromone signals.
The mutual feeding, constant grooming and close social habits
of termites are used to advantage in modern termite control
baiting systems. |
Certain hi-tech termite baits are now on the market that have a delayed
lethal effect on termites which readily pass on the bait to other termites
in the central colony nest during the mutual grooming and feeding.
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Eastern subterranean termites need to maintain a high level of humidity
and temperature (75 to 95F) in their central colony nest.
Eastern subterranean termites eat through the centre of susceptible
timbers leaving nothing but a thin veneer of timber and/or paint.
They will pack mud in cracks and joints in timber to prevent
loss of humidity and resultant dehydration. |
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As noted above, termites constantly groom and feed each other. A valuable
technique for the termite controller is to instal and monitor a termite
baiting system next to any live activity found in and around the premises
where termite foraging is most likely to occur. Subsequent inspections (preferably
monthly) may reveal dead or sick worker termites, they change colour to
a mottle look, and spread of the termite bait to other termites leading
to elimination of the colony.
The termite baits are designed to be non-repellant to the termites and has
a unique delayed effect. Time enough to be passed onto the other termites
in the colony including the queen, with a sufficient dosage leading to the
elimination of the entire colony. This process is explained in detail in
the Termite Control section of this website.
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Subterranean termites: cross veins absent in alate wings
(Fig. A); pronotum less than width of head for each caste (Fig. C); and
marginal teeth absent on mandibles of soldiers (Fig. E)
Drywood termites: cross veins present (Fig. B); pronotum as wide or wider
than head for each caste (Fig. D); marginal teeth present on left mandible
of soldiers (Fig. F) |
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Subterranean termites: mud tubes inside (Fig. G) or outside
(Fig. I) structure; damage along grain of wood (Fig. K)
Drywood termites: kick-out hole with a pile of frass (Fig. H); close-up
of six-sided frass pellets (Fig. J); damage across grain of wood (Fig. L) |
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| If You find these termites do NOT disturb them |
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Eastern subterranean termites have acute survival instincts. If they
are shaken up or disturbed, the termites often will abandon the associated
area and move on to secretly cause damage in other areas in the building.
If you find eastern subterranean termites in or around your property, it
is essential that you do NOT disturb them and promptly arrange for a professional
inspection and application of a termite bait to the live termites, if present
in abundance.
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Subterranean Termites...
Mother Nature's most prolific builders
This picture shows a large above ground termite nest found in the
Northern Territory of Australia. In the USA, most of the destructive
subterranean termite species build their nest completely below ground
level.
A large colony in an urban environment is most often unseen, being
totally below ground level with a nest containing more than a million
termites - the damage can be devastating.
Find Out How to Protect Your Property
Click on Termite Control
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| About Termites in Your Local Area |
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Published by Fumapest Group © copyright 1995 - updated:
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termite control